The World s Most Dangerous Leaders - 1601 Words

Being one of the world s most dangerous,people may fear you,or you may fear them,but despite all of the hardships and easy aspects of life after,you may take on some crazy life threatening situations during the beginning of your life,or before taking the hands of being a great power and leader. All of the world s most dangerous leaders have shown there lives as an enemy or hero after childhood,but not as a kid.To figure out who is the worst we may go over who does what,when they did that and how. Throughout Adolf,Josef,and Benito’s Lives to become such a person that evil does not just come about or randomly,there has to be reasonings why a human being would be so angry and insane. Well maybe there is,in the beginnings of their early lives in childhood and early adulthood events and happenings that made them grow up to be some of the worst people ever in history. Growing up you watch what other people do and as you see what people do you inherit those actions as well,so maybe some of these is the reason they were who they were,taking on some traits that were not that good at all. Perhaps maybe not,or is it that life was not going good so they took cruel actions out on people that were not guilty. We will now find out who is the most dangerous human in history. Is it Hitler,Mengele,or Benito. Adolf Hitler was born and raised in Braunau,Austria on April,20th,1889.(Fredriksen) Since at an early age Hitler had been fascinated in the art industry,and his dream ofShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And A Bipolar System1601 Words   |  7 Pagesnot a matter to be regretted. In Waltz s view, a major war would be essentially inconceivable. Thus, he thinks that more may be better, that what has come to be called nuclear proliferation may really be something to be thankful for (Waltz, 1981, p. 30). However, is that fundamental claim actually valid? Would it be as stable as Waltz suggests? Considering Waltz s analysis and the case study of the Cold War, can nuclear proliferation lead to a safer world? On the one hand, yes, as deterrence hasRead MoreThe Shawshank Redemption And Exploring The Espoused Values Of The Religion Inside The Prison1577 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues of the religion inside the prison, and how the leaders proclaimed to stand for certain beliefs but their actions cou nteracted that, then exposing a system of oppression. I was encouraged to think about groups that display a false sense of kindness but are manipulative in their actions. Gloriavale is a religious community in New Zealand that claims to stand for God and proclaim to be goodness and light. However they in reality, the leaders of the group use their religion to oppress a communityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Usns Bob Hope 1539 Words   |  7 Pageshope performed at hundreds of USO shows spanning 50 years. 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Analysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell - 1288 Words

Controlled freedom Present day society is very much like society in the book 1984. Although, some of the procedures have diminished slightly, they still do exist, and are still current in today’s society. it’s a shame that most people fail to see that our â€Å"free† nation is actually still controlled. we are being manipulated in such a manner that we do not see by propaganda, media, lies, and yes even torture. Many citizens can say that here in America we are free nation or have freedom, but do we really have the freedom we thought we had all along? For one most can agree that at some point we thought we had freedom but when you see things from a different perspective it opens one’s mind to different possibilities and opinions. Similar to George Orwell’s novel 1984, Oceania is constantly at war, just like society now. Our president and political candidates always state that we are at war. Are we really? The government spends billions and billions of dollars funding the military, but it’s not mainly for protection as one would like to think, even though we do have the security that’s necessary. The funding is mainly to strengthen the military for empowerment over other countries to show some sort of hierarchy. Media likes to show the bad side of other countries or their leaders by showing a shot taken out of context or altering what they have said in either articles or public speeches. Which enrages the citizens in the US to make it seem like its ok for the US military toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1362 Words   |  6 PagesKathie Tejada Professor Antonio Tomà ¡s Guerrero Dà ­az COLI 214B 1984 This novel, 1984, is a dystopia and takes place in Oceania where people live in a totalitarian society. The author, George Orwell, wrote this as if he was looking into the future and what it was going to turn in to. 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Both stories are about people trying

The Business Life Of Ancient Athens Essay free essay sample

The Business Life Of Ancient Athens Essay, Research Paper The Business Life of Ancient Athens is an enlightening book about different facets of Ancient concerns and Ancient ways of covering with money. This book foremost starts out by explicating the agricultural facets of Ancient Athens. Agriculture was non good for Athens, so they had to merchandise a batch. It is recorded every bit early as the sixth century BC that grain was a really large portion of an mean Athenian? s diet. Therefore ; much grain trade was necessary because Greece land was really bad for agricultural intents. Athinais had grown industrially and commercially within clip, and this was besides a job: overpopulation. Besides, many Spartan folk over and over attacked Greece and destroyed any harvests that might turn in the dirt. Peasants were besides sent to work at farms but they lost attention in their farms and found it better to populate in the metropolis, populating off little sums of money that came from making province services. During this clip, many people learned ways of math because they needed to cognize how much grain is needed per individual. Although these computations are non wholly accurate, they are a start in banking and possibly even other ways of mathematics. The Peloponnesian War besides occurred- go forthing Greece ( Attica ) with nil. Attica was forced by dearth to travel under Peloponnesian regulation. By now, trade had come in an tumult. Many people had found it easy to merchandise by sea. So many merchandisers with non adequate money would borrow money from rich people and so purchase cargo infinite on a ship. In most instances the merchandiser went on the ship to acquire the goods to sell. Then on returning, the merchandiser would sell the goods, and so pay off the loaner, with a 22.5 percent involvement rate. In many instances, jobs occurred, sometimes a merchandiser returned tardily, could non pay all of the money back, or something or other. Therefore the thought of a collateral was invented. Besides, tribunals were established to govern these kinds of battles amongst the people. These tribunals weren? T used in the winter because of stormy conditions and so non to disrupt commercial concern. Courts were required to work out a instance within 30 yearss, this process merely applies to instances where and existent legal documented understanding was made between the loaner and the merchandiser. Many merchandisers did non return, therefore the collateral was the loaner? s to maintain. But frequently the merchandiser didn? Ts have anything good to get down with so many loaners lost money. Next, the book talked about Banking and Bankers. Early banking day of the months back all the manner to Sumer and Akkad where many specialized in weighing things and relation of cherished metals. Banking was foremost found where mintage started, in the center of Asia Minor, around the seventh century BC. Coinage was besides thought to hold started with Minoans, but they are non certain. It is thought that the thought of banking may hold started with the priests of Sumer and Akkad, priests were ever the # 8220 ; bankers # 8221 ; of temples and organiser of the money. The Greeks took the information from these past priests and formed a banking system that consisted pecuniary minutess. And they concentrated in covering with strictly money and giving out money. The Romans took this thought farther and made what is similar to modern 1980? s bank state of affairss ( banking has progressed in the last decennary ) . With banking, the Greeks learned economical mode and ways of life with mon ey, and non bartering. Last, this book speaks about Mining in Ancient Athens. Around 500 BC. Mining was introduced in Athens. If the ways of the excavation concern had non come, Athens would hold likely lost an oncoming war with the Persians, but because of the excavation, many new people joined Athens and Persia decided non to occupy. They feared it because it had become much greater in strength. If excavation had non come, there would hold been no Athenian Empire, or an Age of Pericles. So, in the lepidote hills of Laurium, silver struck. Tocopherol veryone was fascinated with this new thought. In present twenty-four hours Laurium, you can still see the remains of the excavation and see everything. Many things were non found out about the excavation, because non excessively many records were kept. But many modern applied scientists and archeologists have looked into the land of Laurium and have found remains of setup, and from analyzation of clinker aggregations. However, it is non known how Ag was extracted from the rocks, how they were crushed and how they finally made silver objects from the mined Ag. The history of this can non be reconstructed. The manner this writer approaches this subject is in a supportive manner. He is really Grecian favoring and provinces many remarks about how many people do NOT give the early Grecian people the recognition they deserve. For case on page 82 the writer provinces? ? # 8221 ; many pupils of economic history have non yet given Grecian banking the attending it deserves [ in banking ] . # 8221 ; and the writer returns in stating of all the fantastic things the Greeks have done about banking and how the Romans simply merely watched the early Greeks. The writer besides thinks of the excavation industry as fantastic. He explained it in such an exciting mode. As a consequence of reading this book, I have formed many new sentiments. For illustration, I neer knew that concern started every bit early as it did [ in the mode of banking ] . I figured that banking likely didn? t semen until at least a twosome of centuries after Christ. Besides, I learned about excavation and all the things that were involved with it. Here once more I was surprised that it had started so early. My mentality on the concern filed has changed. I thought that all these concern people were so great to come up with all these thoughts, but they are genuinely merely taking the rudimentss of early history in concern and using it to modern ways. I think the writer? s intent of composing this book was to do me baffled! No, I truly think that the intent of composing this book was to inform people of the ways of early concern life, and the manner our ascendants were covering with the concern industry back so. Besides, it was a manner to transport on history even further, to province the facts for people even farther down the route of the universe. The writer did non seek to carry the reader in any manner, although he did prefer the Greeks a batch. He [ the writer ] did, nevertheless, comparison and contrast about all of the state of affairss with the modern universe. I think that the writer succeeded in his intent in that he wanted to acquire the Grecian side of the narrative out, and besides state a batch of facts excessively. He kept on, over and over, stating what the Greeks did that others took the recognition for. For illustration, when speaking about mintage, he said that the Lydians were the laminitis of coins. But he left a hint stating that the Greeks excessively, had cognition of coins, but the Lydians developed it faster than them. The writer repeatedly stated facts about the Ancient Businesses, stating of how tribunals developed, how they ran, how they were maintained, how they were working. And he did this similarly to about all the topics he touched upon like Mining, Banking, Agriculture, Trade, the class of economic development. All in all my sentiment of this book is good. I wished at most times that it wasn? Ts so factual and the writer besides used a figure of difficult to grok ways of stating things. The portion of the book that I found the most interesting is the portion about the Grain Trade. The Early Athenians had such a demand for grains and they could non acquire it so they finally had to give up to the Peloponnesians, which they DID battle and went through months of dearth. And I besides enjoyed the portion of the book that talked about early banking. I was really surprised that banking started so early. I think that by reading this book, I learned many things, and it helped me better my cognition of history. 34d

Mercedes Zuniga Essays (781 words) - Compton Police Department

Mercedes Zuniga Professor Juarez English 1B February 28, 2017 Introduction Statement 1) What is your long-term goal in attending The Compton Center? Transfer, earn an AA/AS, work/skill progress? Please explain. My long-term goal in attending the El Camino Compton Center is to transfer to Cal State University of Dominguez Hills majoring in Liberal Studies. The Compton Center is a stepping stone to my career goal which is to become an elementary school teacher. 2) Why did you choose to attend The Compton Center? I choose to attend The Compton Center because I live here in Compton. It is most convenient to me since it is a six-minute drive from home. 3) Are you a first-generation student? Meaning, neither of your parent(s) or guardians graduated from college with a bachelor's degree. I am a first-generation student in attending college. 4) When you have questions or concerns about college and/or being a student, who do you talk to about such concerns? When I have questions or concerns about college I usually go to the welcoming center staff or just staff in general. Even if they cannot answer my questions, they help guide me to the people who can. 5) Are you, or have you, participated in any of the student-success focused programs here on campus? If so, which ones? What was your experience like? I participate in three student-success focused programs on campus: FASFA, BOG Fee Waiver and EOPS . I f it wasn't for the programs I wouldn't be able to attend, much less afford college . 6) What is your current housing situation? Live at home? Live on your own? With family? Roommates? Other? Please explain. I currently live at my grandparents' house. I was raised in this household since age five and now instead of my grandmother caring for me, I take care of her. 7) Are you currently working? If so, where? How many days/hours do you work? Are you looking for work? How will you balance work and school? I am currently looking for work but before getting hired by an employer I need to improve on my time management. It is definitely a skill I lack on since last minute things do arise in my household. Setting up a schedule can help me when balancing work, life, and school. 8) Other than English, do you speak and write in another language? If not, is there a language you do wish to learn? Please explain. Other than English, I do speak Spanish since it is the language my grandmother is most proficient in, and I also know the beginnings of ASL (American Sign Language). I wish to learn how to write in Spanish correctly with all accents needed in its writings and I wish to learn more Sign Language to teach to my future students. 9) Do you have a computer and/or printer at home? Do you have internet access at home? If you have neither of these, will you be using the campus resources? Please explain. I have a computer, printer and internet access at home but I will still be using the campus' Student Success Center when needed or of my materials at home malfunction. The Student Success Center also has its library and tutoring that can be extremely beneficial to me. 10) In thinking about who you are as a student and all your various responsibilities, strengths, and weaknesses; what issues/concerns/hurdles are you most "worried" that might interfere with you "passing" the class? (caretaker, soul provider, procrastinator, etc) Concerns such as taking my grandmother to doctor's appointments, driving and/or picking up my niece from school, and procrastinating because of my lack in time management are issues that led me to thinking I might be slowed down in achieving that "A" grade. 11) Besides passing the class (with an "A", "B", "C") what will success look like for you in this class? What do you plan, or want, to accomplish? I am used to writing my own narratives/stories so in this class I want to accomplish a better sense of understanding readings by going in more detail. In previous classes I didn't do much research based assignments so I don't know how to interpret some things

Cable vs. Dial-up essays

Cable vs. Dial-up essays The internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf information superhighway. Ten years ago, using a dial-up method to connect to the internet was jus about the only way to do it. Fortunately, thanks to development of technology nowadays people have an opportunity to choose one of many different manners to hook up their machine to the net. Ones are more popular then others; therefore, it is considered that there are two main technologies profoundly impacting the way people access the internet these days. These are: dial-up and broadband cable. Although they both have a common function to connect us to the internet, differences between them are very obvious. First, and the most important one, which distinguish both connections is speed. While dial-up, in theory, is capable of speed of up to 56 kbps, cable can easily achieve 1.5 Mbps. Abstract in our fast-paced society, nobody has time to sit in front of a computer idly waiting to connect to the ISP (Internet Service Provider), or staring at a blank browser screen while the graphics on a web page loads. Especially, nowadays when files prone to be heavy/big like mp3 or avi files speed can make a crucial difference. Second one is the price. Although days with free dial-up internet are gone, it is still the least expensive access technology on the market, that price is between 10 and 25 dollars. On the other hand broadband cable is one of the most expensive connections with a price often exciding 50$ a month. In addition to monthly charges, unless the cable company in your neighborhood offers a sweet deal on their cable modem service, you will incur a pricey installation fee. Whereas connecting dial-up is free and easy, you dont have to shell out any additional money. On the top of these, cable modem is rather expensive with its price ranging from 60 to 200 doll...

The Case for Beta Readers

The Case for Beta Readers More authors are beta-ing their books than ever before. But many writers are asking the question, Why should I use beta readers? This question is usually followed To answer those questions, Id like to share some examples of how authors are utilizing betas as a key component of their authorial career. Market Feedback When you run a beta read, you receive the story feedback you need to help you spot problems and polish your story to fit your target market. Authors who have a beta-ready manuscript, give clear instructions, and engage with their readers, end up getting great feedback that they can incorporate into their edits, branding, and career development. Its the same idea as the test-screenings that are common in Hollywood, getting reactions from readers before you publish gives you a better chance of producing a bestseller. Building Your Brand   Beta readers in your target audience know what that audience wants and likes. Learning what your beta readers do and dont enjoy in your work gives you valuable insight into how to promote your books, target your ads, and develop your brand in a way that best speaks to your potential fans. Building Community A key part of building a fan base is making your readers feel like they are part of a community beyond themselves. The process of inviting a group of your most dedicated fans to give early feedback on a book ties them to you, but more importantly ties them to each other and lets them know their love of your work is something they share with other people. Building Buzz Thousands of books are published a month. Hundreds of reviews are written. Dozens of launch ads flash before readers eyes. The thing that reliably cuts through all that noise is personal recommendation. People talk about projects they helped with. Your beta readers are a part of your launch story, and they will share that story, building excitement for and awareness of your book. Selling Copies Smart authors not only develop strong groups of beta readers who make substantive comments on their book and help them produce better work, they thank them in their books. Those readers are often the first people in line when those books go on sale. They want to see what they helped create. Many leave reviews, especially if you encourage it. Who doesnt want an eager audience who has already read the book bumping your numbers on launch day and leaving honest reviews? My partner Andrew and I built BetaBooks, the first reader management software for professional authors. Since our launch in summer 2016, we have helped more than one thousand authors beta their books. BetaBooks lets authors privately share their book with their trusted readers, track their progress, collect feedback, and collate and sort that feedback for easy editorial passes. This saves authors time, making what used to be an organizational headache easy and fun. If you are looking for a better way to organize your betas, visit  BetaBooks.co  to try out our free demo tier and use the coupon code hopeclark to get 10 percent off when you upgrade to one of our paid plans. If you have any questions or want to tell us about your betas, get in touch at  hello@betabooks.co

Because it is too long so i wrote in the report format Essay

Because it is too long so i wrote in the report format - Essay Example This report has thus evaluated the factors that influence the decision of the organisation to hire a German engineer to help increase its car modelling and production. This is a sound idea but a number of factors arising from international human resource management must be considered and given due consideration. This paper finally advices on the best approach that the organisation should steps to help reduce the financial expenses that may arise from this decision. Introduction Background information The process of recruiting and posting of staffs is a major concern in international human resource management to organizations that operate beyond their domestic borders. Recruitment involves the process of searching for and obtaining potential job candidates in a good number and with different qualities so as to enable the organization chose the individual with the best skills. Recruitment for multinationals presents many challenges to organization due to the operational differences tha t exist in different countries around the globe. ... Ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric and geocentric staffing orientations are quite common in international human resource management. This decision to recruit a German foreigner thus means that the organization has adopted the use of foreign expatriates to occupy a number of positions in the organizations (Deresky, 2010). The success of such a policy is influenced by a number of factors which include the work visa and the immigration rules of the country. Aims of the study This report will thus evaluate the major issues that will arise and that requires consideration by the organisation in their quest to employ a German national as the engineer to help improve the car production business. It will thus analyse the visa issues and remuneration issues that will be considered by the organization before making this decision. As a foreigner, the company will have to implement an induction program to help familiarize the employee with the work culture of the country and how he can live comfortably in the country with his family members despite the cultural differences. The report shall thus analyse how such a condition will affect the company’s financial and human resource position. Scope of the study In completing this task and achieving the desired aims of this study, the Australian system shall be analysed in line with the emigration and the labour laws of the country. This will enable me analyse the labour related issues that may affect the working conditions for the German engineer and how he may be required to comply with international working permits. In line with the international human resource practises, the remuneration package for the engineer will also be analysed especially to determine how the variation with the

Ocean Carriers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ocean Carriers - Term Paper Example A discount rate of nine percent is used by the ocean carrier. Having in mind that, during the 8 days, the customers would not be charged and each and every new vessel will be devaluated or depreciated on the basis of a straight line for over twenty five years. The market rate that prevails in the daily spot is averagely twenty two thousand ($20,000) dollars every day. A discount rate of nine percent is used by the ocean carrier. While viewing at the projections carried out by analysts of Linn and present growth expectation in the ore and iron markets, the long run view for the sinking bulk industry look promising (Chandraiah 88). The increasing exports of ore and iron will make the demand for sinking to increase. It may also permit shipping firms to enlarge their rates. Nevertheless, as rates start to drop immensely and every shipping vessel needs a huge long-term investment, much risk is attached to the firm. Thus, projections should not, in any way, be considered entirely reliable. In the following year, every day hire rates would likely decline as the ore and iron market is anticipated to enlarge in two years’ time. As a result of the decrease in demand for the new shipping vessel, the price will considerably go down. Assuming that ocean carriers are to be subjected to an American tax rate of thirty five percent (35%), using a nine percent (9%) rate of discount, and anticipated every day hire rates foretold by analysts, the agreed upon lease does not seem to translate into profits. This is because of the large investment that was made at the initial stages (Berezin

Features of Twentieth Century Literature Essay Example for Free

Features of Twentieth Century Literature Essay 20th century is the age of modernism in literature. 20th centurys literature follows differently from the 19th century literature, because of importance given to presentation of human consciousness and human psychology. As result new narrative techniques like impressionism and stream of consciousness has been introduced, the purpose of whom is to highlight human perception. Impressionism has been adopted by many writers, replacing realism. 20th century is an age of emphasis on inner reality, therefore psychoanalysis and human psychology is an important part of literature. Experience is given structural support by, motifs, myths, and parallel themes. Isolation and, loss of hope in humanity are one of the salient themes of modern literature. E. M. Forster, Joseph Conrad and James Joyce are three prominent writers of the twentieth century, who applied modern techniques and themes in their novels. Human consciousness is an important aspect of 20th century novel. Human, thoughts, feelings and stimulations are much important constituent of the century s fiction. In fact A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is like a little world of Stephens mind, which is a result of an evolutionary process. Ulysses can be called the story of thought life of Stephen and Morgan within one day. Stream of consciousness is an emergent technique of 20th century novel, employed to explain human thoughts, feelings and stimulations. Stream of consciousness describes the flow of thoughts and feelings in the mind without a sequence, in other words in natural order.. Used for the first time by William James, Joyce gives new meanings to it by using in his novels, A Portrait, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake . Joyce makes use of stream of consciousness technique In Ulysses Mr Prince dines alone in a restaurant . Joyce takes us to his mind journey; an internal monologue here is the soup, the smoking soup. Be careful that the waiter does not splash me in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Stephens flow of thoughts is revealed when he meets a man besides the bridge. : it must be eleven he thought.. as he turned away he heard a clock somewhere near him he laughed as he heard it as it made him think of Mac Cann. Isolation is an evident theme of 20th century literature. Stephen in A Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man is detached from his world. Stephen is an individual who wants to break free from the barriers of nationalism, religion and society. Stephen is standing apart from his fellows and peers,but he apart from them and in silence, remembered in what dread he stood Experience gets a structural support in modern literature, through parallel themes and use of myths. Ulysses is written parallel to odyssey. A portrait of the artist as a young man has the myth of Daedulus employed in it. In the writing of English fiction, the narrative technique has shifted from realism to a new method of impressionism. The purpose of impressionism is to lay stress on human perception and knowledge. It began from the work of Walter Pater and Henry James to flourish in the hands of, James Joyce, among others. Impressionism is vivid in A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man. Joyce uses impressionism in the epiphanic moment of Stephens life when he comes to know that he cannot repress nature and therefore his natural inclinations. She seemed like one whom magic had changed into the likeness of a strange and beautiful seabird.. : Impressionism is also employed in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, which is a journey from darkness to light for Marlowe. Therefore he perceives things, learns and gets knowledge by interpreting things around him. Conrad employs impressionism for this process. .Near the same tree two more bundles of acute angles sat with their legs drawn up his brother phantom rested his forehead.. Imperialism and colonization is one of the modern themes in 20th century English literature. A Passage to India and, Heart of Darkness throw light on manipulation by man when he is in power. Both works utilize Britains Age of Empire as a backdrop for the narratives and they explore British attitudes and behavior in the foreign locales of the imperial frontier. Ivory has a strong drive for white man and he does not leave any chance to get it. The action of each work takes place against the backdrop of Empire Heart of Darkness has the morbidity and pathos of modern literature, as it shows the gruesome face of mankind. Conrad has lack of hope in the modern man. Therefore Heart of Darkness raises important questions about the development of civilization. The civilized man plays havoc with the surroundings of the jungle, unchecked by rules and regulations. The developed society thus is held questionable. The white man plays a worse role than the barbaric who according to Marlowes observation probably dont even know the concept of time. Heart of darkness is also a journey of self realization, both of Marlowe and Kurtz. Marlowe has a passion for maps since childhood. Maps lead towards new ways and help in exploration. Marlowe explores human self and the rotten truths of colonization during his journey up to the river to meet Kurtz. Heart of darkness has the perspective quality of 20th century literature. Conrad places the narrator inside the action of the story in order to remain impersonal. The narrator has an individual voice he interprets the things in his own way and thus we see a perspective of an individual. Conrad does not project any ideology or theory, but just scans the grim faces of mankind. A Passage to India by E. M. Forster is a novel on colonial rule and differences between the natives and British are revealed. It is a relationship between colonized and the colonizer. It discusses the modern problem of clash between cultures . It is a discourse on the cultural differences between two nations. In A Passage to India, the story of Adela Quested false accusation against the Indian Dr. Aziz ,that he attempted to rape her on an expedition to the Marabar Caves, becomes symbolic of the distortions of understanding and interpretation that can occur between cultures, and of the injustice that inevitably occurs when one people holds power over another . The passage to India is a discourse on the in understandable existence of man. It has the questions about the mans existence which are the feature of 20th century literature. Marabar Caves themselves are an important symbol Their freezing regularity, hard to decipher echo that follows any sound made within them, come to represent the nullity of human action, the meaninglessness of existence. As in all 20th century literature the psychological effect of the colonization is clear in a passage to India. The British people cannot come out of the psychological influence that they are a much exotic race than the Orientals, where as the natives are hostile to them. As a result it ends up that with their given psychologies the two nations cannot unite. Ms Adela quested cannot stand the reality, the real India and her illusion becomes symbolic of the psychological crisis. Ms Moore undergoes a transformation as compared to other English men.

Gender and Our Judicial System Essay -- Law

The ambiguous language and aim of the constitution has allowed for numerous interpretations of the law. There have been several instances, where our limited perception and interpretation of the constitution has warranted change due to cases that do not fit the ruling party’s ideology of equality. In those cases, we amended our constitution and included clear diction to award rights to those subjected to subordination, so in going forward a clear distinction would not allow room for interpretations that perpetuated further discrimination. Over the course of history, we have followed this path to incorporate our societies changing paradigm that was dissimilar to our founding fathers’. Interestingly so, the rights they deemed as inalienable are the ones that have required a clear distinction in order for them to apply to all. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a necessary requirement for women as well as others who are subject to sex-based discrimination. Although the rights of women are somewhat protected by the constitution, without the clear diction of the ERA, those who face this type of discrimination, are left in a precarious position. The passage of the ERA would necessitate pragmatic consequences in judicial equality, highlight the pervasiveness of modern inequality, and enact change in society’s paradigm of equality. The loose interpretation of the notion of gender in our judicial system is subject to filtration through outdated ideologies, stereotypes, and gender bias. As the law currently stands, the interpretation of cases that involve gender or sexual discrimination are filtered through constitutional acts or amendments that only partially protect. An example of this partial protection would be the 14th amendment. T... ...122). Macmillan General Reference. Sexism in language. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.upou.edu.ph/gender/gender_fair. Lithwick, D. (2011, June 20). Class dismissed. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/06/class_dismissed.html Terkel, A. (2011). Scalia: Women don't have constitutional protection against discrimination. Huffington Post, Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/03/scalia-women-discrimination-constitution_n_803813.html Cotter, D., Hermsen, J., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Informally published manuscript, University of North Carolina, North Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/papers/CotterHOV01.pdf Wood, J. T. (2008). Gendered lives, communication, gender, and culture. (8th ed.). Wadsworth Pub Co. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Â § 1

Interpretive Essay Essay

Section 1 The child that I am working with is a four year old female named Briniyah. She is in preschool and learning new letters each day. Briniyah is my daughter and I am worried about her not learning phonics as she learns new letters. One day over Christmas break we were reviewing her letter and I asked her â€Å"what sound does the letter B make? † and she said â€Å"Mommy, I don’t know. † This situation concerned me because I am an educator and my child does not know phonics. I became worried and began to panic. I soon discussed the situation with her teacher that I had a concern and we created a plan of action to help Briniyah learn phonics more efficiently. My plan consisted of teaching my daughter phonics. I felt like a failure; how can I be an educator and my child not know phonics? I guess I felt bad because my students knew phonics and are the same age as my daughter. My daughter and I went shopping and purchased two Hooked on Phonics booklets. She already has Leap Frog products at home (CD with songs to learn letters and sounds and the fridge phonics kit). We began practicing the letters along with their sounds. I am going to keep her teacher in the loop so we can work together with Briniyah’s development. I believe that learning phonics is a very important part of learning to read. Children cannot learn site words correctly without learning phonics. I am not saying that it is not possible to learn site words without phonics but I believe that the site words will become a part of rote memory instead of learning how to sound words out. Teaching my daughter phonics is going to be a long process that is going to take patience and persistence. I am very focused on my daughter learning phonics and I determined to be her first and best educator. In the end I will be able to measure her success when we review the letters along with their sounds and she can confidently give me the sounds and begin to make words when she puts the sounds together. Section 2 Teaching phonics is going to be a challenge as I stated before. I plan on working with my daughter one-on-one very diligently so she could be successful with learning phonics and learning how to read eventually. My plan of action is for us to sit down each day begin our phonics lesson. We will begin with the letter B of course since it’s the first letter of her name. I will choose the next letter according to the letter she is working on in school. We will go over the letter and its sound. I will use picture cards to help with the phonics lesson; these cards will give her more words and help build her vocabulary as well. Continued communication between her teacher and I is very important. We need to be on the same page to make sure Briniyah is successful with this phonics assignment

Multiple Directorship

Issue of multiple directorships has recently came to public concern. It becomes more and more common that directors in listed companies retaining multiple directorships and even some legislators are involved. This situation is popular in Hong Kong and Singapore, however, many directors in United States are usually involved in one company only. There are serval problems in exercising multiple directorships to listed companies. First, director may not meet his function diligently. With regard to the Non-statutory Guidelines on Directors Duties Principle 4 , a director of a company must exercise the care, skill and diligence that would be exercised by a reasonable person with the knowledge, skill and experience reasonably expected of a director in his position. It doubts that one can dedicate enough time to read documents and attend meetings for each company if he has multiple directorships. If he made any decisions that harm the company given that he did not read sufficient information and understnad the situation of the company, he is not act due care and skill as a director. The Guidelines Principle 11 also sated that a director of a company must take all reasonable steps to ensure that proper books of account are kept so as to give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and explain its transactions. As many companies follow similar accounting schedules, most common are setting year-end date as 30 April or 31 December, during the end of the accounting period, they have to review all the financail statements of the listed companies they directed in order to ensure there are no fraud. It doubts that they can review all the financail statements if he has directored over 20 listed companies. If there are frauds and mistakes in financial statements, it would affect the investors and shareholders who rely on the annual reports of the companies to make investment decisions. Furthemore, directors may have conflicts of interests when he exercises multi corporate directorships. As more director roles will increase opportunity of represetning compainces which are related. In Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew (1998), the court explained that one of the fiduciary duties of directors is not to allow any conflict between their duties as directors and their personal interests. If the contract in which he has a personal interest adverse to that of company is voidable by the company and the profits made may be recovered by the company. In Transvaal Lands Co v New Belgium (Transvaal) Land and Development Co (1914) UK, defendant had a benefical inrerest in a company which sold shares to the company which he was a director, H took part in the decision to make the purchase. So, if the director of one company has business or transactions to other company that he has directorship, it will have higher chance for conflict of interests or transferring benefits between companies. Regarding to the legislators being multiple corporate directors, now seven legislators have hold total of 63 paid board positions. According to Cheung (2012), it will be difficult for the legislators to deal with livelihood issues if the they keep in touch with and work for the corporations. If legislators are the companies' directors, public will have a perception that they spoke for the buiness sectors rather than citizen. Moreover, it may prevent the functioning of Legislative Council (Legco), according to the editoiral of ming pao (2011), at least five Legco members have omitted to register such interests. Although these are not serious omissions, we can see that some legislators are not serious about registering their interests and have neglected that they have not followed the guidelines. It is important for them to disclose all their intersts including shareholdings, paid directorships, property and election donations of their directorships. By now the listed companies in Hong Kong need to have at least a third of independent directors who do not have business relationship with the company and do not manage the operation of the company. Before, companies are required to have at least three independent directors, but no restrictions on the ratio. It is believed that this new rule is to match the international practices such as United States and UK and protect shareholders’ interest. This new listing rules will make it difficult to find independent directors because not so much people are interested in the low remuneration role. It may indicate that some firms need to cut the size of the board. In conclusion, one especially a legislator should not take up too many directorships in order to advoid conflict of interest and act due deligent. The legislaors cannot avoid disclosing their interest to Legco. It is suggested that Legco should amend its Guidelines on Registration of Interests to require legislators not only register the remunerated directorships but also unmunerated so as to protect the shareholders and the companys’ interest.

Critical Thinking Question Example

Critical Thinking Question Example Critical Thinking Question – Coursework Example Critical Thinking-Linear Regression Model Facilitator Critical Thinking-Linear Regression Model Linear regresssion model is a sloppy way of predicting the future because of its use of only two variables in prediction. Essentially, results about the future depend on more than two variables with disturbances and impromptu changes expected hence prediction using two variables is sloppy and risky. Obsevational studies give a range of factors that determine a situation. As much as the situation may give enough reason to believe one variable affects the situation, there are usually more forces to the changes hence the need to be extremely careful in using linear regression model in projection. An economic example is an individual’s annual savings. Savings(Y) is a function of annual income (12X) less expenditure (Z). Y=12X-ZIn linear regression, this model is sufficient to estimate any individual’s annual savings. However, annual savings depend on many other factors. Some of t he factors that may affect annual savings include emergencies, economic conditions, government regulations, interest rates in the market, and investment opportunities in the market. The regression model in the example above shows weaknesses in a number of ways. First, it over-relies on two variables, which are likely to give erroneous information about the real economic condition. Economically, the model shows biasness in premises and analysis. The model also ignores the role of disturbances and unexpected conditions in the economic analysis. Many unexpected circumstances can affect the analysis yet their effect may be greater than the variables used for example, investment opportunities. The income of the individual may also reduce in case situations come in that requires him to remit some amount on an irregular basis. Legal remittances like social security funds may reduce the savings amount while instantaneous earnings like bonuses and jackpots may increase the savings amount. Ho wever, the moral discipline to save plays a major role because one may earn enough to save yet their spending culture inhibits saving. All these prove that linear regression is unreliable especially in projections. The graph below demonstrates linear regression model that may be used to project the future. Relationship between expenditure and savings derived from: Rencher & Christensen, 2012ReferenceRencher, A. C., & Christensen, W. F. (2012). Chapter 10, Multivariate regression – Section 10.1, Introduction. Methods of Multivariate Analysis Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics 709 (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 19.

SAT Score Tables - Compare Admissions Data for Colleges

SAT Score Tables - Compare Admissions Data for Colleges Below youll find links to dozens of articles that can help you put your SAT scores in context for a wide range of colleges and universities. Always keep in mind that the SAT is just one part of your application, and less-than-ideal scores dont need to torpedo your chances of admission if you have strengths in other areas. Top College and University SAT Tables: See how the countrys most prestigious colleges and universities compare on the SAT front (or you can check out the ACT comparison charts). The Ivy LeagueTop Universities (non-Ivy)Top 10 Liberal Arts CollegesTop 10 Public Universities22 More Top Public UniversitiesTop Public Liberal Arts CollegesTop Engineering Schools (PhD Granting)Top Engineering Schools (Bachelors and Masters)Top Womens CollegesTop Catholic Colleges and Universities State University SAT Data: Admissions criteria vary widely from campus to campus within state university systems. These charts can help you find schools that match your SAT scores. Alabama: Four-Year Alabama Colleges and UniversitiesAlaska: Four-Year Alaska Colleges and UniversitiesArizona: Four-Year Arizona Colleges and UniversitiesArkansas: Four-Year Arkansas Colleges and UniversitiesCalifornia: Cal State SystemCalifornia: UC SystemCalifornia: Top California Colleges and UniversitiesColorado: Four-Year Colorado CollegesConnecticut: Four-Year Colleges and UniversitiesDelaware: Four-Year Delaware Colleges and UniversitiesDistrict of Columbia: Four-Year Washington D.C. Colleges and UniversitiesFlorida: State University SystemFlorida: Top Florida Colleges and UniversitiesGeorgia: Top Georgia Colleges and UniversitiesHawaii: Four-Year Hawaii Colleges and UniversitiesIdaho: Four-Year Idaho Colleges and UniversitiesIllinois: Top Illinois Colleges and UniversitiesIndiana: 15 Top Indiana Colleges and UniversitiesIowas: Four-Year Iowa Colleges and UniversitiesKansas: Four-Year Kansas Colleges and UniversitiesKentucky: Four-Year Kentucky Colleges and UniversitiesLouisia na: Four-Year Louisiana Colleges and Universities Maine: Four-Year Maine Collegs and UniversitiesMaryland: Top Maryland Collegs and UniversitiesMassachusetts: Top Massachusetts Collegs and UniversitiesMichigan: 13 Top Michigan Colleges and UniversitiesMinnesota: 13 Top Minnesota Colleges and UniversitiesMississippi: Four-Year Mississippi Colleges and UniversitiesMissouri: 12 Top Missouri Colleges and UniversitiesMontana: Four-Year Montana Colleges and UniversitiesNebraska: Four-Year Nebraska Colleges and UniversitiesNevada: Four-Year Nevada Colleges and UniversitiesNew Hampshire: New Hampshire Colleges and UniversitiesNew Jersey: Four-Year New Jersey Colleges and UniversitiesNew Mexico: Four-Year New Mexico Colleges and UniversitiesNew York: CUNY Senior CollegesNew York: SUNY SystemNew York: Top New York Colleges and UniversitiesNorth Carolina: 16 Public UniversitiesNorth Carolina: Top North Carolina Colleges and UniversitiesNorth Dakota: Four-Year North Dakota Colleges and UniversitiesOhio: 10 Top Ohio Colleges and UniversitiesOhio : 13 University System of Ohio campuses Oklahoma: Four-Year Oklahoma Colleges and UniversitiesOregon: Selective Oregon Colleges and UniversitiesPennsylvania: Top Pennsylania Colleges and UniversitiesRhode Island: Four-Year Rhode Island Colleges and UniversitiesSouth Carolina: Four-Year South Carolina Colleges and UniversitiesSouth Dakota: Four-Year South Dakota Colleges and UniversitiesTennessee: Top Tennessee Collegs and UniversitiesTexas: 13 Top Texas Colleges and UniversitiesUtah: Four-Year Utah Colleges and UniversitiesVermont: Four-Year Vermont Colleges and UniversitiesVirginia: 15 Public UniversitiesVirginia: 17 Top Virginia Colleges and UniversitiesWashington: 11 Top Washington Colleges and UniversitiesWest Virginia: Four-Year West Virginia Colleges and UniversitiesWisconsin: Four-Year Wisconsin Colleges and Universities SAT Scores for Division I Athletic Conferences: For students interested in the excitement of Division I sports, these charts make some of the admissions distinctions between universities clear. America East ConferenceAtlantic 10 ConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceAtlantic Sun ConferenceBig East ConferenceBig Sky ConferenceBig South ConferenceBig Ten ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceConference USA (C-USA)Horizon LeagueMetro Atlantic Athletic ConferenceMid-American ConferenceMissouri Valley ConferenceMountain West ConferenceNortheast ConferenceOhio Valley ConferencePac 12Â  ConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceSouthern ConferenceSun Belt ConferenceWestern Athletic Conference More SAT Information: Here are some more articles to help you make sense of the SAT. Whats a Good SAT Score?What Schools Dont Require Scores?When is the SAT?Should I use SAT Score Choice?What Schools Require SAT Subject Tests?Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost?Does the SAT Writing Section Matter?

Business strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business strategy - Assignment Example Continuous upgradation of its fleet is another area of its core competency. Strategic analysis using PESTEL and Five Forces analysis suggests that Etihad operates in an attractive industry but the buying power of consumers is high due to high level of competition in the industry. However, because of their core strengths, the airline would be able to achieve its goals and mission. There is ample opportunity for growth and expansion and based on its differentiation strategy, Etihad would continue to grow. Etihad has the location advantage also but customer service is not difficult to replicate and hence, Etihad needs to pursue differentiation through the economic support of the emirate. Analysis of the business strategy helps ascertain the location of the organization within the industry environment. Strategy need not be based on rational planning or even conscious making decision assumptions (Mintzberg, 1987). Strategy can be formulated at three different levels – the corporate level, the business unit level and the functional or departmental level. This paper would analyse the business level and the functional level strategy adopted by Abu Dhabi based Etihad Airlines. Sustainable competitive advantage can be created and maintained either through market position or through core competencies (Leavy, 2003). The positioning approach can be evaluated through PESTEL analysis and the generic strategies which would reveal two dimensions of positioning – the industry attractiveness and the competitive strength. The strategic choice should be on how to leverage advantage amidst the competitive environment. The strategic choice should fit with the goals and objectives to gain competitive advantage (Allen & Helms, 2006). Porter asserts that there are three basic strategies and firms perform best by adopting one of them – cost leadership, differentiation and focus (Allen & Helms, 2006). To become an industry leader, the company must be competitive. While

Second Klan through the lens of gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Second Klan through the lens of gender - Essay Example She brands them â€Å"petite Middle class† in the midst of wealthy recipients. Maclean’s work provides an understanding of both social and cultural issues, and a broad view of the persons behind the evolution of the Ku Klux Klan movement. The author argues that the economy had an impact in the collapse of the Klan in the mid 1920s (Jenkins 218). This argument contrasts that of several historians who indicated that the collapse of the Klan attributed to the moral plus financial abuses of Klan leaders. Evidence of murder plus rape of Klan Members and leaders was an indication of the cause of the decline of the group. The author argues that the New Deal and its several programs attempt to lessen the diminutive bourgeoisies economic decline weakened the Klan and other groups. The argument does not regard the possibility of an economic fall in the period of depression. The post war era must not have an impact on the economic down fall of the Klan (Jenkins 219). Maclean’s argument on the significance of gendered analysis emanates from her observation of various changes in the roles of women plus men during the era of the Klan movement. There were traditional roles laid by the Ku Klux Klan movement that the women were to follow. In the Ku Klux Klan, there existed rules that guided the clan, including the role that women and men had to play in the participation of clan activities. The Klan expected women to play a prime role of raising respectful white children with Christian faith and educating the children that the white race was greater than other races (Jenkins 220). However, several women defied the traditions by taking part in struggles for rights to participate in voting and inclusion, in the movement. These gender role changes cause Maclean to declare gendered analysis of the movement a fundamental aspect for revealing various occurrences. Several women fought for their inclusion the affairs of the movement, and found necessary

Management of Carotid Artery Stenosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management of Carotid Artery Stenosis - Essay Example The result can be ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. These occur because of hemodynamic compromise, embolization, or thrombosis (Greelish, Mohler, Fairman, 2009). The review by Greelish, (2009), includes major trails which evaluate the efficiency as well as clinical variables and risk. There are two major trials discussed in this paper, those are the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial. Each of these demonstrate the efficacy of the carotid endarterectomy in patients who have symptoms such as transcient ischemic attack (Greenlish, et.al, 2009). The NASCET cohort is another study done that suggests the benefits of CEA in symptomatic patients may be overestimated, since a number of strokes that occur in the territory of stenotic arteries are not preventable by CEA. 1800 patients were included in this study which was done to assure that we knew what the true risk factors of this group of patients with stroke might be. This study showed that that stroke occurred most often in people that had 60% stenosis. This is well supported in all of the studies that were reviewed. Patients with 60% occlusion whether symptomatic or asymptomatic are at great risk. Risk factors lead to damage in the carotid arteries and th... Secondary prevention of stroke: risk factor reduction by Furie, Wilterdink and Kistler, (2009) review risk factor management of patients with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, with a focus on secondary prevention in patients who have had ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. Those risk factors that are discussed in great depth in this paper are hypertension, smoking, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia. They show statistical data on those patients that control these risk factors and those that don't as well as how the CEA fits into this care (Furie, et. al., 2009). CEA alone will not forever cure a patient with large number of risk factors. The patient has to be willing to participate in this care, also. Cardiovascular disease, MI or ischemic stroke is still the leading cause of death in patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Haffey, (2009), suggests success in saving lives here is based on effectively treating the whole patient. The author describes throughout his paper, different clinical approaches to achieving this goal. He reminds that treating those things that are risk factors for the disease should be dealt with aggressively. Those include hypertension, smoking, activity levels, dietary habits, obesity, carotid artery stenosis, and atrial fibrillation (Haggey, 2009). Again, as in the previous literature, Dr. Haggey suggests that there be a great deal of follow up assuring that these patients are doing what has to be done to decrease their risk factors. There have been three very high quality clinical trials on patients who need carotid endarterectomy but are asymptomatic. Those trials are the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group, the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study, and the Asymptomatic Carotid

Tescos Performance Based On Financial Ratios Commerce Essay

Tescos Performance Based On Financial Ratios Commerce Essay This research proposal studies on the factors which Tesco in their current profitability and meet it short-term financial obligation. Tesco also look strong for the employees motivation and the company competitive exists. Tesco was founded in year 1919 by Jack Cohen and the first Tesco name appeared in year 1929 (Tesco, 2010). Nowadays, the Britian leading retailer is Tesco and also United Kingdom based international supermarket chain (TESCO, 2010 and Tesco House, n.d.). They operating over 4,800 stores globally and employing over 472,094 people (Checksure, n.d.). At the beginning, they specializing in food, now move into areas like clothes, consumer electronics, consumer financial services, selling and renting DVDs, compact discs and music downloads, internet service and consumer telecoms (Tesco House, n.d.). They have 588 supermarkets and 257 are superstores. Besides that, they operates in 13 countries such as Republic of Ireland, Hungary Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland in Europe, China, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, India, and the U.S. (Tesco, 2010). The key towards Tesco success was related to their financial position which consists of generate a return on its resource, able to meet its short-term financial obligations and the efficiency ratios. Usually, the financial ratios analysis is including profitability, liquidity and investment ratios. Its normally used to analysis company performance which analyzes the success, failure and progress of company business. (Woods, 1999). In addition, it can also calculate for a company to be compared with other companies and own companies own past figures (Jiao and Bhalotra, 2007). Profitability ratios determine that the companys able to generate a return on its resource (missouribusiness.net, n.d.). Besides that, profitability shows proportion is advantageous business, measuring the overall performance was investigated, the profits of the company, can be used to test how your company operation, compares the current performance and the record of the past (Jiao and Bhalotra, 2007). It including gross profit, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity. The gross profit margin is indicates how well the company be able to generate a return at the gross profit level (Missouribusiness.net., n.d.). The gross profit margin considers the firms cost of goods sold, but does not include other costs (Netmba.com, n.d.). The formula for calculate the gross profit margin which is gross profit margin equal sales minus cost of goods sold divide by sales and multiply 100 percent. The formula calculates for net profit margin is net profit divide total sales also can call net sales and multiply 100 percent. However, this ratio ability provides a significant investment, indicate its sales business ability covers the smallest fixed cost and remains an acceptable profit (Missouribusiness.net, n.d). Formula calculation for return on assets is net incomes before taxes divide by total assets and multiply by 100 percent. This ratio display the effectively of the firms assets able being used to generate profits (Netmba.com, n.d.). In addition, low return on assets (ROA) indicates inefficient management, adverse when a high ROA which mean efficient in management (Barry, n.d.). Otherwise, this ratio in public company normally report return on assets to their shareholders, cause to tell them how well when using its assets to produce income. The return on equity (ROE) also knows as return on investment (ROI). The calculation compete for ROE which is return on equity equal net profit before taxes divide by shareholder equity multiply by 100 percent. These ratios usually indicate how well the company is utilizing its equity in investment and normally will higher than return on assets. According to proficient, if those companies hope their business growth in future, therefore, their ratio needs at least 10 to 14 percent in ROI (Barry, n.d.). This is a good figure to compare beside competitors or an industry average. For example, if the ratio is lower which mean that they meager management performance. In other words, a high return on investment indicates that management is doing well. Liquidity ratios is show how quick the company able to convert assets to cash, and pay off interest (Carter, 2010). Furthermore, the low levels of liquidity ratio can demonstrate poor management for grown up company (Netmba.com, n.d.). Besides that, its providing with useful limit for business managers to help them regulate their borrowing and spending (Barry, n.d.). The main liquidity ratios are the current ratio and quick ratio. Current ratio is also called the working capital ratio (Missouribusiness.net, n.d.). It is the number of times a companys current assets exceed its current liabilities, which is an indication of the solvency of that business (Auerbach, n.d.). The formula to compute the current ratio which is total Current Assets divide total Current Liabilities. A general rule of thumb for current ratio should be at least 2:1 (Missouribusiness.net, n.d.). A lower current ratio determines that the company may not be ability to pay its invoices on time, while a higher ratio means that company has money in cash or safe investment that could be put to better use in business (Barry, n.d.). The quick ratio is also called the acid test ratio (Missouribusiness.net, n.d.). It indicates the extent to which company could pay current liabilities without relying on the sale of inventory (Missouribusiness.net, n.d.). A general rule of thumb states that the ratio should be 1 to 1 or 1:1 (Missouribusiness.net, n.d.). If it is higher, the company may be keeping too much cash on hand or have a poor collection program for accounts receivable (Barry, n.d.). If it is lower, it may indicate that the company relies too heavily on inventory to meet its obligations. The formula for compete quick ratio is current assets minus inventory and divide current liabilities. 4.0 Significance of study: Basically, this study is seen vital as in it helps Tesco to do their financial performance more effectively. Regarding on that, it more related to the financial ratio analysis whether in term of profitability, liquidity and investment ratios that Tesco would take in for their effective management. Furthermore, this study also could acts as references for other retails that going to develop in the future as well to enhance competitive advantages. 5.0 Literature Review: Part A 5.1 Profitability ratios Profitability ratios are an indication of companys overall efficiency and performances. According to the calculation of annual report, the Tesco gross profit margin from year 2009 (7.76%) to 2010 (8.10%) increases 0.34 percent. During year 2010, Tesco net profit margin increasing 0.14 percent from 3.97 percent to 4.11 percent (Tesco, 2010). It indicates Tesco every year able to grown their revenues (Wearden, 2010). This is because they believe that having a good profitability the companies now can operate well in worldwide markets. Besides that, the profitability also provided information for investor to let the investors to know how well they company is going to evolution (Beginnermoneyinvesting.com, n.d.). Not only Tesco using this ratios and Carrefour S.A also use this ratio method. Because the Carrefour believe that improve in the profitability, it will efficient to the businesses running. Therefore, Tesco and Carrefour believed that using past data as a benchmark to make a concl usion as to why the profitability is increasing and decreasing, so that the company can go well (Mysmp.com, n.d.). For example, during the fiscal year in 2008, the Tesco had a better sales growth rate, so that they company moving up from number four to number three in the ranking in the world. When hold on more of retaining, its profits would cope with future external market challenges (Fresh Easy Buzz, 2010). 5.2 Investment Ratios Return on equity also known as return on investment (ROI). This ratio widely use by company because it ability to indications how efficiently the money invested in a company is providing a return to those investors (finpipe.com). In addition, the investor will through by ROE to get information what they need to make a sound decision (Winters, 2002). The investors normally will look for positive ROE, before making any kind of investment and also use to compare different investment options by an investment advisor (Dogra, n.d.). During 2010, Tesco ROE is 12.04 if compare to 2009 (11.98%) it increase around 0.06 percent. Besides that, Carrefour also emphasis on ROE, because investor is their money income if their ROE is not well that will influence their business and will affect them to expand in international business in worldwide. Therefore, the equity also look more to the operational and profitability ratios which to determine future profits that will accrue to the shareholder and t he shareholders compare the profitability of different projects by looking into their return on investment ratios (Dogra, n.d. and finpipe.com, n.d.). According to Shannon report (2010), Tesco CEO Terry Leahy announcement that the 145 store Fresh Easy should become profitable in fiscal 2013. Because of this announcement it causes the return on equity growth. In addition, a sharp improvement in Asia markets like Thailand and Korea able to helped drive sales growth. Return on Assets is evaluate to use get a feel for how well a company using their assets to generate income (money-zine.com, n.d.). During year 2010, Tesco ROA increase around 0.5 percent from 6.4 percent to 6.9 percent, because of the amortization charge on intangible assets arising acquisition. It also causes the group trading profits increase. In addition, they release cash from property through a sequence of joint ventures and other sale and leaseback transaction. Therefore, these transactions so far is completed which with pension funds, property companies and other investors would have delivered aggregate proceeds of  £2.2bn (Tesco, 2010). 5.3 Liquidity ratios Liquidity ratios are determined of a company ability to meet its debts (Winters, 2002). Liquidity ratios have current ratio and quick ratio. Current ratio is help company to see their able to pay their current debts without going against future earnings. In year 2009, Tesco current ratio 2009 is 0.77: 1 and year 2010 is 0.74:1. However, we can realize that current ratio from 2010 is decrease. This is because they always have new markets to invest in. The Tesco CEO Terry Leahy increase in borrowing ratios when spearheaded  £6.6 billion of spending on expansion, including the  £958 million takeover of South Koreas Homever supermarket chain. Although, Tescos facing debt is high but they feel it still very healthy balance sheet (Bloomberg, 2009). Quick ratio is show of the companys ability to make the payments on current obligation. Quick ratio for Tesco in year 2009 is 0.61:1 and year 2010 is 0.56:1. It shows that year 2010 ratio is decrease. This is because during that period they facing financial crisis. Although their ratio is decrease but they still can pay the debts because of they repaid their debt more early and use that was earning little interest to buy back higher interest-bearing corporate bonds (Tesco, 2010). Part B 5.4 Competition Besides that, competition in the worlds market is more important because it enables help the company assess intelligently the business environment in which the firm operates. This is because if without competition, the company unable to improve as in no competitive advantage. The competition enables the management to identify the companys weak points which to helps the firm to concentrate on the areas it needs to improve. The Main competitors of the Tesco are Carrefour S.A., J Sainsbury plc, Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC and so on (Datamonitor, 2004). These are the main competitors in business strategies and the value markets. In other words, it also can help the company to know what kinds of actions are required to development with the competitive position in the industry (Articlesbase.com, n.d). 5.5 Motivation Employees are considered the important asset of a company. Based on that, the key of business success is general relying on employees. Employees are considered the important asset of a company. Based on that, the key of business success is general relying on employees. Tesco mission is work as a team, trust and respect each other, listen, support and say thank you, and share knowledge and experience to customers. Above all they want their employees everyone at Tesco can enjoy their work. Besides that, the Tesco believe that if you treat people well they will give great service so they customer able to enjoy their shopping trip. Tesco know their employees can work better when they are given the space to make decisions and take responsibility. They also encourage their employees to learn from their mistakes and challenge conventional thinking (Tesco, 2010). 6.0 Methodology: Theoretical framework for this study is: Gross Profit Margin (IV) DB Total Assets Turnover (IV) Net Profit Margin (IV) Return on Assets (IV) Stock Turnover Period (IV) Tesco Performance (DV) Quick Ratio (IV) Return on Equity (IV) Current Ratio (IV) In this case, the Tesco performance is dependent and financial ratios are independent. Generally, secondary data collection is going to be done in order to help achieve the objectives in this study. It can through by annual report to do a comparatives which how well the Tesco performance in current year and previous year. In addition, they can highlight the variances in past budget, so that they can improve in following year through by these problems. (Words count: 2061) Reference lists Auerbach. A., n.d. How To Analyze Your Business Using Financial Ratios. [Online] Available at: ,http://www.esmalloffice.com/SBR_template.cfm?DocNumber=PL12_1500.htm> [Accessed 26 October 2010] Barry. C.C., n.d. Financial Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] Beginnermoneyinvesting.com, n.d. Profitability Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] Bloomberg, 2009. Tescos debt-fueled growth sparks investor backlash. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 29 October 2010] Carter. M., 2010. The Purpose of Financial Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] Checksure, n.d. Tesco Plc and History of Tesco Plc. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 26 October 2010] Datamonitor, 2004. Tesco PLC. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 15 November 2010] Dogra. A., n.d. Return on Assets Ratio. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] Finpipe.com, n.d. Financial ratio analysis. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 4 November 2010] Fresh Easy Buzz, 2010. Tesco Drops From Third to Fourth Place in Important Global Retailing Ranking Despite Having Higher Sales Growth Than Rival. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 29 October 2010] Jiao. K. and Bhalotra. K., 2007. Financial Analysis J Sainsbury Plc. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] Kulkarni. A., n.d. Return on Equity Ratio. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] Missouribusiness.net, n.d. Financial Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] Money-zine.com, n.d. Investment Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] Mysmp.com, n.d. Profitability Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] Netmba.com, n.d. Financial Ratios. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] Shannon. S., 2010. Tesco First-Half Profit Gains as International Sales Rebound. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 29 October 2010] Tesco, 2010. About TESCO. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 25 October 2010] Tesco, 2010. Annual report 2009 2010. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 28 November 2010] Tesco, 2010. Annual report 2009 2010. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 28 November 2010] Tesco, 2010. Creating good jobs and careers. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 15 November 2010] Tesco, 2010. Group performance. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 29 October 2010] Tesco House, n.d. Tesco Plc Business Information, Profile, and History. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 17 October 2010] Wearden. G., 2009. Tesco reports weak sales growth. The company is still planning to hire around 10,000 people during 2009 more than Sainsburys and Morrisons together. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 30 October 2010] Wearden. G., 2009. Tesco unveils record profits of  £3bn. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 28 October 2010] Wearden. G., 2010. Tesco rings up record profits. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 28 October 2010] Winters. A., 2002. Investment tips: what are key investment ratios? [Online] Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] Executive Summary:http://www.scribd.com/doc/39455198/TESCO-Financial-Analysis

Napster :: essays research papers

The program, and later company, named Napster, has brought about a historical debate concerning copyright law and the Internet. Napster’s is a free Internet music file-sharing program that allows users to quickly and easily swap files with one another directly, without the use of a centralized file server. Its software aims to make finding MP3 files easier on the Internet. No files are actually hosted on Napster servers as Napster provides access to music files on others' computers. This system of computers is called peer-to-peer networking. In addition to its search features, Napster contains three major components: 1) A chat program that allows users to chat with each other in rooms based on music genre. 2) An audio player that plays MP3 files from right inside Napster in the event that users do not have an external player or prefer not to use one. 3) A tracking program that allows users to keep track of their favorite MP3 libraries for later browsing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napster was the brainchild of, at the time, nineteen-year-old college student, Shawn Fanning, at Northeastern University in Boston. Throughout his life, Fanning had two loves: one was sports and the other was computers. Over time his curiosity for computers grew and sports became less important, concentrating most of his time working with computers, primarily focusing on two aspects of the computer, programming and the Internet. During his freshman year at Northeastern University, in 1998, Fanning was trying to enter computer science classes higher than the entry level (Jones, 2001, 1A). Not finding anything challenging about the courses he was enrolled in, Fanning decided to start writing a Windows based program in his spare time. He spent most of his time in chat rooms talking with experienced computer networking programmers. Fanning thought-up the general idea of, what is now known as, Napster from his roommate who loved music files, most commonly known as MP3à ¢â‚¬â„¢s, but was frustrated with most music sites which had limited music files available and detested having to endlessly search website’s looking for particular songs. Fanning, keeping his roommate’s frustrations in mind, and his programming skills at hand, began writing Napster. He used the idea of all users being connected to one central computer server, and having access to each other’s music files that users wished to share (â€Å"MTV News,† 2000, 1). In other words, â€Å"Napster makes its application software freely available for download by consumers from its website.

Information Systems In Business Organizations Essay

The website of PC Magazine, upon looking at its physical makeup, and design, was designed to entice and provoke consumers all over the world, some of them, I assume, are hooked on online shopping, to purchase products featured on their website. The home page of the website appears to be patches of commercial billboards as it is occupied by advertising ads publicizing their line of products. Some of the wide variety of products presented in the website includes printers, digital cameras, laptops, mobile phones, software and hardware products for computers, mp3 players, to flash drives, speakers, projectors, subscriptions for PC magazine as well, and many more. There is also a broad range of links that you can visit that depends on your fields of interest. For online window shoppers, there is a link for product guides and reviews. Products available in the market, including all brand names, companies and corporations who pay Pcmag.com for advertisements, and product partners, are reviewed and rated. The reviews are useful enough, containing the positive and negative feedbacks of each product. The ratings on the other hand are based on the features, compatibility to other gadgets, design, and the price of the product. There are also software products, for shareware, demo trial, and freeware that the online client can sample and access. As tagline of the Pcmag.com goes, their website is intended for an independent individual. To prove their claim, they have provided links for how-to’s, do-it-yourself’s, tips and guides, and video blogs. For the online information-seeker, there are links for news updates and columns about products in the market, whether these are upgrades, new product launches, additional reviews, comments, etc. Aside from the advertisements plaguing the website, there is also a separate link for online shoppers, which constitute numerous merchandises that are available for purchasing, shopping options, and technology solutions. Moreover, there are discussion boards for online clients who wish to communicate with other online clients about gadget finds, current trends, and other issues about technology and its advances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, the website of PC Magazine spells out the words â€Å"to sell.† There isn’t any link in the website which does not feature an advertisement or stimulating signs such as low prices, sales, and discounts for products. For each mouse click, there is always a provocation to purchase gadget items. The website accommodates online shoppers, online window shoppers, and consumers deciding on what products to purchase for their particular needs and why. However, pcmag.com primarily caters to businesses or corporations that are planning advertising strategies for the promotion of their products. In as much as the website would want to display themselves as a consumer-centered community, it is likely that business corporations are more benefited by them than their consumers. People who are knowledgeable about management and marketing issues or even rational consumers who are not easily swayed by advertising would know this. Advertising is a very powerful and persuasive tool in stimulating consumers to believe what they are trying to sell. It does not even contribute much to information technology because it is only concerned with the promotions of software and hardware products. Although there are links provided for how-to’s and such, it still lacks depth and beneficial information to sustain the demands of learning information technology. The extensive amount of information provided in each link would be a subject of interest to you if you are a techie and gadget-dependent or if you want to learn how to operate gadgets that are widely used nowadays. If these are your objectives in visiting the sites, then it would be an advantageous and helpful thing for you to do. The product guides and reviews would prove to be the most interesting and valuable links for consumers, as it has the most consumer-centered feel to it. In general, the usefulness and value of the website depends upon your needs and concerns.

Psychological Testing Essay

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children measures simultaneous and sequential processing skills as well as subscales that measure academic achievement. The age range this test investigates is ages 2-12 years. There are ten mental processing subtests as well as six achievement subtests. Only three of the subtests are administered to all ages groups, making the sub-testing age-specific. The older the child in question, the longer the tests will take. The sequential processing scale measures short term memory and problem solving is organized around sequences. The simultaneous scale measures several problems that need to be solved at the same time. Achievement scales measure applied skills of the individual. b) Intelligence in children of preschool age is very unstable whereas their intelligence begins to stabilize as they reach school age. The assessment tools for infants are different to school-going children in the sense that they measure development rather than academic foundations. These tests measure how quickly the child is developing in terms of motor skills, linguistic development, adaptive behavior and social interaction. It has to be given that school-aged children have a higher vocabulary and language skill that can be better tested than the infant who is still using monosyllabic noises rather than words. Motor skills also develop more rapidly as well as reasoning skills. c) Mental age does not refer to the actual age of the person in question. A person with a mental age of 5 years may actually only be 4 years chronologically and vice versa. Due to this anomaly, data derived from IQ testing does not follow a bell-curve on data sheets. The deviation IQ is implemented to smooth out inconsistencies. Instead of actual scores, the person is allocated a percentile score so that it can be placed more realistically on a normal curve chart. Mental age does not necessarily increase over time in the same way that chronological age does and this age difference gradually decreases around adolescence. For these reasons a deviation IQ is used as opposed to actual raw scores. d) Originally named the Binet-Simon test, the Testing underwent several revisions over time with the most significant change being that it included the first Intelligence Quotient after 1916 when it became the Stanford-Binet test. The Binet-Simon test was initially used to determine the intelligence of retarded children, came to the conclusion that rather than portraying a chronological age, the children displayed a mental age instead. The 1986 version of the test include a wider perimeter sample group in order to decrease inequities that occurred in race and gender previously. It had been engineered for children alone but in 2003 was amended to accommodate adults as well. Design changes were made also to accommodate and measure behavior at age levels. e) Fluid and crystallized intelligence both form part of general intelligence. Fluid intelligence relates to reasoning and problem solving and is largely thought of as being independent of learning or experience. It is therefore an inherent or instinctual intelligence. Crystallized intelligence on the other hand refers to the intelligence that you gain from experience and what you have learnt in life. This intelligence is something that increases with age due to experiences and the assimilation of knowledge through what we have learned. Fluid intelligence therefore decreases with age and peaks during adolescence while crystallized intelligence will continue to grow. f) The general intelligence factor (g-factor) is meant to be a measurement of the persons overall intelligence. The two-factor theory was initiated by Spearman who derived a g-factor from two functions: a generalized ability and a specific ability. Therefore according to Spearman a person’s intelligence could be determined by a general intelligence as well as a specific intelligence (s-factor). Multi-factor intelligence theories implement the individual ability to be intelligent in various fields. Thurstone found that there were multiple areas in which a person could display intelligence and derived 7 factors that he called primary abilities: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial concept, numerical facilitation, memory by association, reasoning and perceptual speed. g) Individual tests require one-one-one consultation and measure verbal and non-verbal abilities. The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler tests both require this environment. Group tests are most often administered to large groups and do no require one-on-one consultation. These tests are most often aptitude tests or cognitive abilities. Scoring in these terms is most often more objective than in individual tests and also simplify the role of the coordinator. Group testing is not culture-specific as opposed to individual testing which can be more culturally loaded and also more subjective. It is not as easy to establish a relationship with the person in a group testing environment as it is when the person is tested individually. h) Army alpha and beta tests were prototypes initially used in group testing to place soldiers during the First World War. Alpha groups were those who were proficient in the English language. Those who were not initially considered alpha groups were those who were placed in beta groups who were intelligent but not native English speakers. This hypothesis was that people’s intelligence was inherited. This method was first used to identify where in the army the person was likely to be placed, given their responses to the tests and the results. The beta test decreased its use of verbal knowledge presumably because they are non-English and it used mainly pictographic references. i) Aptitude and achievement tests are both standardized. Aptitude testing assesses the ability of the person to learn in certain areas. These tests are developed in order to determine which field of proficiency the person is most likely to excel in. These also measure numerical and literal ability as well as mechanical and abstract reasoning. Achievement tests on the other hand measure how well a person has achieved a skill. It is mostly used to ascertain academic levels and therefore is useful in determining whether a person is inherently able to learn something or not. An aptitude test will be able to validate that a person is most likely to achieve highly in a certain area and not as highly in others. j) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is an individual test that does not require reading or writing. It measures verbal intelligence and response times which can be useful in the diagnosis of Attention Deficits or other such disorders/abnormal patterns. This form of testing is significant in that it supplies the coordinator with information as to how fast the child can assimilate and react to questions. It also ascertains the quality and efficiency of vocabulary as well as word processing. The test is significant also in that t determines the respondent’s concentration levels and possible problems in their attention span. This is useful in that answers require verbal reactions. k) Physical disability does not necessarily mean that there will be discrepancies in the IQ of the person. Testing a person who is deaf for instance, requires a different approach to testing as well as a different means for the test. These individuals need a non-verbal based test and verbal ability is therefore a non-entity in their testing. A blind person on the other hand will not benefit from spatially based tests or units that require sight. The tests used to identify IQ would have to be verbally based and not pictorial. This considered, a speech impaired individual will also not have the same verbal component as someone who is able to speak. However, this does not mean that a mute person is not able to understand verbal interjection. For this reason, the IQ test has to be tailored to the specific disability reflected by the individual. l) Certain cultures encourage some skills more than they do others. The culture fair test is non-verbal and does not therefore test linguistic understanding insomuch as if the person tested is not an English speaker, they cannot be expected to understand English word and sentence structure. The culture fair test therefore measures analytical and reasoning ability and makes use of abstract and unusual visual spatial pictographs. From this the spatial and pictorial representations are believed to be universal to all cultures and thus understood well from one culture to the next. It was initially meant to reduce cultural or ethnic bias that can be produced when a test is designed to be effect for a certain culture. It is also independent of educational foundations and therefore measures inherent skill rather than acquired skills. 2 a) Personality testing identifies certain traits inherently part of an individuals psychological make-up. These tests basically help you determine what personality attributes you have and therefore help to identify what career types may be more pertinent to whom. Aspects of the personality often denote what particular attributes the personality has and thus what lifestyle s better suited to whom. Jung and Myers-Briggs typology identify different personality types that are said to help the individual determine their best career path. The ability test measures a person’s ability to learn new skills and also their potential in certain fields. Ability tests also seek to ascertain what the person has learnt or assimilated in terms of whatever they are studying, for example, school tests. b) Personality traits are characteristics of the individual and certain personality qualities that are inherent to the person. There are theories that propose that all traits are present in all people but to varying degrees (lesser or more). Idiographic personality trait view maintains that each person has a unique psychological structure that is not shared by anyone else. For this reason, it is impossible to compare any two people. The nomothetic view however, sees people as unique in their combination of traits. This means that while they do share personality traits to various degrees this can be compared by degrees of each trait in comparable people. c) Items are chosen depending on the specific group that is being studied. For example, screening of normal behavior in police officer applicants will be given items that pertain to the criminal justice system. The group is split into two: one group is what the coordinator would think of as displaying abnormal reactions/behavior and the other would be normal. Items are distributed equally in both groups and reactions towards the stimuli are recorded. The empirical criterion key does not assume that respondents are able to observe their own behavior but rather sees the objects or items as stimuli that require a response. Those they believe to be normal are used as a scale by which abnormal behavior can be compared. d) Forced-choice format gives a more well-rounded result then standard testing. The forced choice format basically allows the respondent one of two statements that they most likely agree with. The advantage of this is that it not only gives an accurate representation of reality, but it prevents the choice from becoming monotonous. It is easier to score these kinds of questions than if the respondent was asked multiple choice questions. As a design this format prevents the respondent from being consciously manipulated and therefore makes sure that the answers are truthful. This form of questionnaire is also shorter, preventing the individual from becoming tired and losing focus on the questions that are being asked. This prevents answers from becoming distorted. e) Response sets or response style refers to the person’s propensity to answer the same response for all or most of the questions. For instance, if the person responded ‘yes’ to the above question and then ‘yes’ again, regardless of the nature of the question. This is usually counterbalanced in tests because there are times when the person is biased towards a certain question based on its contents. Counterbalancing this response requires the same question to be asked in a different way and later in the questionnaire. This situation of response bias is also termed ‘acquiescence’ as the person performs this unconsciously or with lack of interest in the nature of the questions. f) Factor analysis is used to describe variables in a research situation. For instance, we have a research questionnaire that we now have to translate into data specific terms. We have the variables that were studied and the scores for each variable. In psychometric intelligence testing we could have any number of variables that determine the overall factor. An example of this would be that while we are aware that there are multiple factors within the intelligence study, all these factors contribute to the g-factor or general intelligence factor. In this case ‘g’ is the only factor that is common in all persons. What this analysis does is ascertain what particular factors which people are most affiliated with. Basically we could determine which factor is specific to which person. g) Objective self reporting methods of personality assessment is based on standardized questionnaires with limited responses available as well as a fixed scoring system. It is based on nomothetic principles and is therefore less ambiguous then the progressive methods. Progressive personality assessment techniques use intuitive responses and the intuitive scoring is also use. This personality assessment is based on idiographic principles which make it entirely different to the objective method. The problem with progressive techniques is that there is no fixed scoring system, however the problem with the objective method is that it does not leave room for intuitive or interpretive responses which are natural human conditions. h) Word association tests require the coordinator to present the group or person with a word. The person responds to this with the first word that comes to mind. This is a free association and therefore does not give the person the chance to think about their answer. A table measures the test word, the response time and the response. Responses to the words can be either the opposite in meaning; an association with the word (green-yellow); or even a definitive answer. The basis of this test is that it provides a pattern of how the individual sees words and how they associate with things. The association of about 100 words will give the coordinator a pattern of response that can be determined as normal, abnormal or as an anomaly. Most people will have a set pattern of responses. i) The interaction between a need and a press is called a thema. There is a need that is ensued by a press. To simplify this, Murray identified 28 needs and forces that press them into fruition. This makes the relationship interactive and determined by this interaction is the thema. The thema therefore can be linked to other units of these interactions to form serial thema. The greatest portion of the persons thema is dependent on the amount of press and needs that are present in that specific thema. This theory is used to determine personality types that are identified by specific needs and forces of press. Murray conducted this typology on Adolf Hitler in order to ascertain the needs and forces that culminated in his erratic behavior. j) Interest inventories conduct in-depth investigation into a person’s likes and dislikes and this helps to determine what type of career path is best suited to the individual. Clearly you should not study or undertake careers in which you would have to partake in activities you intensely dislike. Neither would it be advisable to become involved in vocations that you are indifferent to. The key would be to become involved in a career that contains more of your inventories ‘likes’ than ‘dislikes’. These interest inventories help you to discover what it is exactly that you like or dislike. This particular form of inventory is highly related to personality in the sense that certain personalities are more likely to enjoy certain key activities. An example of this would be an artist or writer enjoying solitude in a way that an actor might not. 3 b) Test name: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Test uses: The Stanford Binet was initially indicated for the correct placement of children in educational settings. It is now one of the most widely used intelligence tests. It is useful for determining cognitive skills and intelligence in children and adults. Population test was designed for: As already stated, it was designed for children in educational settings in order to ensure that they were placed in the right class environment. Administration of test: The time it takes to administer this test depends on the age of the respondent and how many subtests are administered. It may take from 45-90 minutes standard but may take longer depending on the conditions at the time and the variables concerned. The respondent is timed at each subtest and is determined by estimated entry level. Timing is approximately 5 minutes per test. Depending on the age, the articles measured include: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory. Characteristics of normative samples: The Stanford Binet normative sample reflect the 2000 U. S census and bias reviews are conducted on race, ethnicity, gender, religion and socio-economic status. Because it is a standardized test, normative or mean scores are derived per age group and the representative sample is matched to the individual standing. It was standardized on a national representative sample of 5 000 subjects. Reliability information: Reliability in this test is considered high. The internal median consistency score was . 97. Subtest reliabilities differ from age-group to age-group. Reliability coefficients ranged from . 91 to . 98, with coefficients for the five factor indices ranging from . 90 to . 92. Subtest coefficients ranged from . 84 to . 89. Validity information: correlations in the validity were considered high with an approximate value of . 90 compared to earlier Stanford Binet editions and high compared to other tests. Strengths of the test: This test can assist in the diagnosis of learning disabilities as well as determine the level of competency for young children compared to a normative structure. It can be used to determine developmental stages and knowledge and can be used in all age-groups from pre-school to adults. Weaknesses of the test: Due to the lack of co-operation sometimes shown in very young preschoolers the test results may not be indicative of true ability because of their lack of interest in partaking in the study. Different age-groups are administered different subtests which may also be considered a criticism in terms of its universal application.